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… Nonviolent pornography has been shown to increase the perception of rape victims as worthless, facilitate male callousness toward women, increase the trivialization of rape, and diminish support for the women's liberation movement (Zillmann & Bryant, 1982). In a careful experimental test of the effects of viewing sexually explicit materials that contain scenes that degrad e women on men's perceptions of women, Jansma, Linz, Mulac, and Imrich (1997) found that sex-typed men who viewed the sexually degrading films rated their female partner's intellectual competence significantly lower than did the non-sex-typed men. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that such degrading portrayals of women contribute to men's objectification of them.
…Consistent with these results, Check and Guloien (1989) reported that frequent pornography users exposed to nonviolent but dehumanizing pornography were especially likely to report that they might rape, were more sexually callous, and reported more frequent acts of sexual aggression compared to those exposed to violent pornography and erotica. Further, research suggests that sexually explicit stimuli that portray men and women in equal power relations with mutual respect for each other do not increase misogynist responses and may actually reduce them (Baron & Bell, 1977).
This is a short essay without sources which points to some of the arguments made by leading feminists such as Susan Faludi.
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… the issue of objectification isn’t just about individual women’s decisions. It’s about the impact of this kind of representation on society. That is, a woman may choose to model for Playboy – but once her image is in the magazine, the issue isn’t just her choice anymore. It’s about how that representation of women affects the world. Put it another way, a woman might choose to model in Playboy – but all women collectively did not choose to be represented in this manner.
Quote:
The consequences of objectification are not easy to measure. There is no way to link dangerous behavious such as eating disorders or crimes such as rape directly to media objectification - and it would be irresponsible and inaccurate to do so. However, we live in a world filled with the objectification of women, and this objectification [i]contributes] to social problems. These problems include:
-sexual violence and other violence against women…
-eating disorders and negative self image…
-backlash…
-pressure on teens and young women to dress and behave more sexually…
Note that I quoted the ‘irresponsible and inaccurate’ because I wanted to indicate that I felt I overstated the link when I didn’t have the research at hand. I do think it’s difficult to work out what’s causal and what’s not. I do think that the women’s movement from when I was at uni is quite different to today’s movements – for example, none of my friends back then would have considered going to a strip joint, the whole industry was so obviously sexist, where as now, there are quite complex and involved debates on places like Larvartus Prodeo about burlesque etc.